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What is changing in cross-border commerce

What this is, and what it is not

This is a reading list, not our newsroom. Every item below was published by someone else, and every card links straight back to them. We wrote none of these documents and we do not reproduce them here.

33 of the 38 links are primary official sources: the legal text, the register entry, the court opinion, or a changelog published by the platform itself, rather than a summary of a summary. The rest are named research and trade press, labelled as such on the card.

The only writing on this page that is ours is the line marked Why it matters. That is the whole point of it. We read the Official Journal and the Federal Register so a merchant does not have to.

The briefing

Every link opens the publisher on their own site, in a new tab.

Filter the briefing by category

Showing all 38 links, newest first.Showing 8 of 38 links: de minimis and low-value imports. Newest first.Showing 7 of 38 links: tariffs and duty. Newest first.Showing 5 of 38 links: customs data and classification. Newest first.Showing 6 of 38 links: returns and consumer law. Newest first.Showing 3 of 38 links: product compliance. Newest first.Showing 6 of 38 links: ai and agentic commerce. Newest first.Showing 3 of 38 links: platform and shipping. Newest first.

  • Published by GOV.UK (HM Treasury)

    Primary source

    De minimis and low-value imports

    Reforming the customs treatment of low value imports into the United Kingdom

    The UK consultation on reforming the customs treatment of low value imports (goods valued at £135 or less) was published 26 November 2025, ran to 6 March 2026, and the government published its consultation response on 13 July 2026 (PDF, 537KB, 33 pages). Per the page, the response 'summarises stakeholder feedback and confirms decisions on introducing new customs arrangements, tariff treatment, additional fees, VAT collection and the next steps for implementation (including legislation and guidance)'. The response itself records 165 consultation responses received and confirms three decisions of direct commercial consequence: the government will introduce an additional fee in relation to LVIs, with the design and level still being worked through; sellers and online marketplaces will pay customs duty quarterly, with the option to stagger payments to align with VAT return cycles; and delivery is accelerated by 6 months to October 2028 at the latest.

    Why it matters

    Status: RESPONSE PUBLISHED 13 July 2026 - decisions confirmed at policy level, with legislation and guidance still to follow. The fee question is now answered and it is the one to plan against: an additional fee on low-value imports is confirmed in principle but unpriced, so a landed-cost model for the UK has a known line item with an unknown value, and the response is explicit that more detail follows. The quarterly duty decision is the quieter operational change - it moves UK duty from a per-parcel border event to a periodic filing that looks like a VAT return, which is a reconciliation problem before it is a money one. Note also that the UK and EU diverge on both threshold (£135 vs EUR 150) and timing, so a single 'low value' rule in checkout logic will be wrong on one side of the Channel.

    Read it on gov.uk - Reforming the customs treatment of low value imports into the United Kingdom - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Shopify Changelog

    Primary source

    Platform and shipping

    Drive international conversion with automated duties-inclusive pricing from Shopify Managed Markets

    Managed Markets merchants can use a managed pricing strategy that folds cross-border costs into the displayed product price instead of showing a separate duty line at checkout. Shopify states pricing "will account for cross-border costs like guaranteed duties and import taxes, transaction fees, and currency conversion in product prices", that "the duty and import tax amounts displayed to buyers are guaranteed at checkout, which means Shopify Managed Markets covers the difference if the amount charged by customs is different", and that managed international pricing "helps keep your payout amounts consistent with domestic orders".

    Why it matters

    This is a move from itemised duty at checkout to landed cost inside the sticker price, which changes what your international 'price' means for merchandising, discount stacking and margin reporting once it absorbs FX and fees. The guarantee shifts customs variance risk off the merchant, so it is worth valuing against your own duty-accuracy rate and the size of your typical variance.

    Read it on changelog.shopify.com - Drive international conversion with automated duties-inclusive pricing from Shopify Managed Markets - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Shopify Changelog

    Primary source

    De minimis and low-value imports

    Shopify now supports €3 EU import customs duty collection

    Shopify states the EU has ended the €150 duty-free threshold for low-value imports and replaced it with a flat €3 customs duty per tariff line on qualifying orders up to €150 shipped into the EU from outside the EU. Shopify's page gives the worked example "A parcel of apparel, cosmetics, shoes, and jewelry: €12". Both Shopify Managed Markets and Shopify's import tax and duty calculation account for the charge; in Managed Markets the fee is calculated, displayed and collected at checkout, and Global-e remits it to the destination country as merchant of record. It does not affect intra-EU shipments.

    Why it matters

    The €150 exemption is what made low-value EU parcels cheap to land, and it is now gone. Because the charge is assessed per tariff line rather than per parcel, a mixed basket spanning several HS headings carries several €3 charges, so consolidating an order does not flatten the cost the way it would with a per-shipment fee. Model this per line on your actual basket composition, not per order. Note the sunset that Shopify's post does not mention: the European Commission describes the €3 as a temporary flat fee applying until 1 July 2028, after which normal customs duties apply according to the type of good. Treat the €3 as a two-year regime to plan around, not a permanent floor.

    Read it on changelog.shopify.com - Shopify now supports €3 EU import customs duty collection - opens in a new tab
  • Published by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Federal Register (GPO govinfo)

    Primary source

    De minimis and low-value imports

    Indefinite Suspension of the De Minimis Exemption for Merchandise Arriving Through All Modes Other Than the International Postal Network

    This CBP interim final rule (docket USCBP-2026-0760, CBP Dec. 26-12), effective June 24, 2026, moves the de minimis suspension out of executive-order policy and into the customs regulations: "The exemption provided in paragraph (a) of this section is suspended for merchandise arriving via all modes other than through the international postal network until such time as CBP determines that the application of the exemption is no longer inconsistent with the purpose of 19 U.S.C. 1321(a), no longer jeopardizes the revenue, and no longer facilitates unlawful importations." All entries valued at $800 or less arriving by air, ocean or truck must use formal or informal entry procedures, with Entry Type 11 identified as the main appropriate informal method. Comments close July 24, 2026.

    Why it matters

    Codifying the suspension in regulation means it now stands on its own footing rather than depending on the executive orders it came from, so modelling a near-term return to $800 duty-free entry is optimistic - though note the rule text does leave CBP a defined route to restore the exemption, making this a suspension with conditions rather than a repeal. Comments close July 24, 2026 under docket USCBP-2026-0760, a low-cost moment to put your parcel economics on the record before the interim rule is finalised.

    Read it on govinfo.gov - Indefinite Suspension of the De Minimis Exemption for Merchandise Arriving Through All Modes Other Than the International Postal Network - opens in a new tab
  • Published by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Federal Register (GPO govinfo)

    Primary source

    De minimis and low-value imports

    Indefinite Suspension of the De Minimis Exemption for Mail Shipments and New Postal Informal Entry Process

    The companion CBP interim final rule (docket USCBP-2026-0761, CBP Dec. 26-13) takes effect July 24, 2026 and creates a postal informal entry process for mail shipments valued at $2,500 or less classifiable only in HTSUS chapters 1-97. Filing is "limited to parties with the right to make entry under 19 CFR 143.26(a), that is, an owner or purchaser of the merchandise being mailed to the United States, or a licensed customs broker appropriately designated by the owner, purchaser, or consignee", and "Payment must be transmitted via Pay.gov no later than the 7th day of the month following the arrival of the shipment." One provision (19 CFR 145.31) took effect earlier, on June 24, 2026, and a compliance date of October 22, 2026 applies to 19 CFR 145.12(a)(2)(v)-(vi). Comments close July 24, 2026.

    Why it matters

    If you ship to US buyers by post, then from July 24 someone must stand as owner or purchaser of record and transmit per-parcel data including all applicable 10-digit HTSUS classifications, country of origin, value and total duty owed, with payment due by the 7th of the following month - a classification and data-quality obligation, not merely a rate change. Merchandise subject to quota, AD/CVD orders, Chapter 98 or 99 duties, Partner Government Agency requirements, or claiming Chapter 98 or Free Trade Agreement duty-free treatment is excluded from the process, so one mis-scoped SKU can strand an entire mail lane.

    Read it on govinfo.gov - Indefinite Suspension of the De Minimis Exemption for Mail Shipments and New Postal Informal Entry Process - opens in a new tab
  • Published by GOV.UK (HM Revenue & Customs, and Daniel Tomlinson MP)

    Primary source

    De minimis and low-value imports

    Government backs high street with acceleration of cheap import reforms and crackdown on dodgy online sellers

    On 23 June 2026 the government set out tax and customs reforms, stating that 'At Budget 2025, the Chancellor announced the scrapping of customs duty relief on low value imports (LVIs), meaning goods valued at £135 or less will be subject to customs import duties', and that 'The government has since listened to industry and chosen to accelerate delivery of the reforms by six months to October 2028.' The same announcement confirms that ministers are reviewing how VAT is collected for businesses trading through online marketplaces and are 'seeking views on how the current online marketplace rules can be extended to ensure that all businesses comply with UK VAT rules', with revenue raised going towards business rates improvements.

    Why it matters

    Status: ANNOUNCED, with implementing legislation still to come. The live date for removal of the £135 duty relief is October 2028 at the latest - the government's response document phrases it with that qualifier, so treat it as an outer bound rather than a fixed switch-on date, and treat any roadmap still keyed to a 2029 date as stale. The online marketplace VAT review is the quieter half: extending deemed-supplier style rules would shift who remits UK VAT on a sale, which changes your reconciliation and your registration exposure rather than just your duty rate.

    Read it on gov.uk - Government backs high street with acceleration of cheap import reforms and crackdown on dodgy online sellers - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Shopify

    Primary source

    Platform and shipping

    Shopify Editions | Spring '26

    Shopify's Spring '26 Edition collects "150+ updates to sell, shop, and build everywhere" across ten sections (Agentic, Sidekick, Online, Retail, Marketing, Operations, Shop app, Payments, Finance, Developer). Cross-border items confirmed on the page include "Managed Markets in the UK and Canada", dynamically localised prices that include duties, taxes and fees with Managed Markets, a duty calculation breakdown, shipping with prepaid duties using FedEx International Connect Plus® in Managed Markets, gift cards redeemable in customers' local currencies, automatically calculated B2B tax-inclusive pricing, and multi-currency settlement for businesses in the US, Hong Kong and Singapore, alongside Shopify Catalog and the Universal Commerce Protocol for AI and agentic surfaces.

    Why it matters

    Managed Markets reaching the UK and Canada is the practical headline if you have been running those markets manually. The agentic commerce push also means structured product data begins feeding AI shopping surfaces, which quietly promotes HS codes and country of origin from a customs housekeeping task to something that shapes how your catalogue is represented outside your own storefront.

    Read it on shopify.com - Shopify Editions | Spring '26 - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Shopify

    Primary source

    AI and agentic commerce

    Selling everything, everywhere, all at once: The Spring '26 Edition

    Shopify published its Spring '26 Edition on 17 June 2026, a release it frames as '150+ updates that put your products everywhere people are buying', oriented around making merchant products discoverable to AI agents. Catalog structures product data and syndicates product details to ChatGPT, Copilot, the Shop app and other surfaces, and the Universal Commerce Protocol is enabled by default on Shopify stores rather than requiring merchant setup.

    Why it matters

    If agents can read your catalog without you opting in, the product data you already publish becomes the thing an agent quotes to a shopper in another country - country of origin, materials, delivery estimate per market. Metadata written for a domestic storefront will quietly misrepresent your delivery promise and landed cost everywhere else, and the default-on part means that is already happening rather than waiting on a project you have not scheduled.

    Read it on shopify.com - Selling everything, everywhere, all at once: The Spring '26 Edition - opens in a new tab
  • Published by European Commission, Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union

    Primary source

    De minimis and low-value imports

    Guidance and legal text on temporary flat fee on low-value imports which will apply until 1 July 2028

    The Commission published operational guidance for e-commerce operators clarifying the rules that remove the de minimis relief and introduce the EUR 3 customs duty under Council Regulation (EU) 2026/382. The UCC Delegated Act and Implementing Act were amended to implement it: the Commission adopted the delegated rules on 30 April 2026 (still under scrutiny), and the implementing rules were published in the Official Journal on 8 June 2026. The guidance confirms the duty is a flat EUR 3 applied per item, not per parcel, on distance sales of goods in consignments up to EUR 150, from 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, and sets out Product Identifiers (PIDs), which may be declared voluntarily from 1 July 2026 and become mandatory from 1 November 2026.

    Why it matters

    Status: IN FORCE, with a live forward deadline. The 1 November 2026 PID mandate is the item to diarise now - it is a data obligation, not a money one, and it lands on whoever populates your customs declarations, so product records need identifiers attached upstream rather than patched at the border. The guidance also settles a common misreading: the duty applies 'regardless of VAT scheme (IOSS, Special Arrangements, or standard VAT)', so IOSS determines whether you reach the EUR 3 simplified rate, it does not exempt you from duty.

    Read it on taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu - Guidance and legal text on temporary flat fee on low-value imports which will apply until 1 July 2028 - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, Federal Register (GPO govinfo)

    Primary source

    Tariffs and duty

    Notice of Determinations and Request for Comments Concerning Actions in Section 301 Investigations of Acts, Policies, and Practices of Various Economies Related to the Failure To Impose and Effectively Enforce a Prohibition on the Importation of Goods Produced With Forced Labor

    USTR determined that 54 of 60 investigated economies failed to impose and effectively enforce a forced-labor import prohibition, that six failed to effectively enforce one, and that each failure "is unreasonable and burdens or restricts U.S. commerce." For economies that impose a prohibition (Canada, Ecuador, the European Union, Indonesia, Mexico and Pakistan), that have taken on commitments through an Agreement on Reciprocal Trade (Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia and Taiwan), or that have imposed a partial regime (the United Kingdom), USTR "proposes 10% as the rate of additional duties"; for all other investigated economies it "proposes 12.5% as the rate of additional duties." USTR also proposes a textile mechanism allowing a certain volume of apparel and textile imports to enter at a reduced Section 301 rate. Written comments were due July 6, 2026 (docket USTR-2026-0265) and hearings were held July 7, 2026 at the U.S. International Trade Commission.

    Why it matters

    These are proposals, not duties in force as of July 16, 2026, and the comment window has already closed - so the value here is scenario-planning, not a rate change to implement. If you source or ship from the EU, Mexico, Canada or the UK, a proposed 10% Section 301 line is worth modelling against your bill of materials, and Annex A is where to check exposure first: the proposed action "does not cover informational materials, donations, accompanied baggage; all articles and parts of articles that are subject to section 232 tariffs; USMCA-compliant goods of Canada or Mexico; and textiles and apparel articles that enter duty-free as a good of Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, or Nicaragua under CAFTA-DR." Apparel sellers should read the proposed textile mechanism alongside the rate.

    Read it on govinfo.gov - Notice of Determinations and Request for Comments Concerning Actions in Section 301 Investigations of Acts, Policies, and Practices of Various Economies Related to the Failure To Impose and Effectively Enforce a Prohibition on the Importation of Goods Produced With Forced Labor - opens in a new tab
  • Published by European Commission, Taxation and Customs Union

    Primary source

    Customs data and classification

    Import Control System 2 (ICS2)

    ICS2 is the EU's advance cargo information system requiring economic operators to submit an Entry Summary Declaration (ENS) before goods arrive in or transit the EU. A news item on the official page dated 1 June 2026, titled 'End of temporary derogations for NCTS Phase 6 and link with ICS2 ENS filing', states that all consignments entering EU territory by any means of transport as of 1 June 2026 should have a valid ENS submitted either directly to ICS2 or filed in the combined transit declaration through NCTS Phase 6 in opt-in countries. The page separately notes that for rail and road, an operator can fulfil ICS2 ENS filing requirements using NCTS Phase 6 in opt-in countries.

    Why it matters

    Status: IN FORCE, with the all-modes ENS expectation live since 1 June 2026 and the temporary NCTS Phase 6 derogations concluded. ENS is a pre-arrival filing, so failures surface as goods held before they reach a customs declaration at all - the cost shows up as dwell time and re-bookings, not as a duty line. The page also carries a near-term deadline: an updated list of ICS2 'stop words' comes into force on 3 August 2026, which makes the goods-description text on your commercial paperwork a delivery-speed variable rather than a formality.

    Read it on taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu - Import Control System 2 (ICS2) - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Google (The Keyword) - Vidhya Srinivasan, VP/GM Ads and Commerce

    Primary source

    AI and agentic commerce

    Introducing the Universal Cart and more ways to help you shop

    Google announced Universal Cart, a cart that works across merchants and services so shoppers can add items while browsing Search, chatting with Gemini, watching YouTube or reading Gmail. The cart is built on Google Wallet, with UCP powering the checkout step; shoppers check out with Google Pay or transfer items to the merchant's site, and 'the brand stays the merchant of record' either way. It rolls out across Search and the Gemini app in the US this summer, with YouTube and Gmail to follow, and Google is expanding its UCP-powered checkout to Canada and Australia in the coming months and later to the UK.

    Why it matters

    The named UCP expansion list - Canada and Australia first, the UK later - is a concrete, sourced signal of which non-US markets get agent-driven demand next, and each brings its own de minimis threshold, GST/VAT treatment and returns rules to solve before the traffic arrives rather than after. Note also that the brand stays the merchant of record: the duty, tax and refund obligations on an agent-originated order stay with you, so an agent in the funnel changes who found the customer, not who is liable for getting the landed cost right.

    Read it on blog.google - Introducing the Universal Cart and more ways to help you shop - opens in a new tab
  • Published by U.S. Court of International Trade

    Primary source

    Tariffs and duty

    Slip Op. 26-47: The State of Oregon v. United States; Burlap and Barrel, Inc. v. United States

    A three-judge CIT panel held, 2 to 1, that the Section 122 surcharge imposed by Proclamation 11012 exceeded the President's statutory authority, concluding that "the Proclamation's use of trade and current account deficits to stand in the place of balance-of-payment deficits within the meaning of the statute renders the Proclamation ultra vires" and that "Proclamation No. 11012 is invalid, and the tariffs imposed on Plaintiffs are unauthorized by law." The court granted summary judgment and entered a permanent injunction for the State of Washington, Burlap and Barrel, Inc. and Basic Fun, Inc., and dismissed the claims of the other state plaintiffs for lack of standing, so relief reached only those three parties rather than importers generally. Judge Stanceu dissented.

    Why it matters

    A court calling the surcharge unlawful did not stop CBP collecting it from you: relief ran only to three named parties, not to importers at large, so for everyone else the surcharge remained payable. The practical consequence is that Section 122 duties paid before the July 24 expiry do not self-refund when the clock runs out, and recovering them would depend on your own protest and liquidation posture rather than on the appeal resolving. Note also that this was a divided panel now under appeal, so it is not a settled reading of Section 122.

    Read it on cit.uscourts.gov - Slip Op. 26-47: The State of Oregon v. United States; Burlap and Barrel, Inc. v. United States - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Your Europe (official website of the European Union)

    Primary source

    Returns and consumer law

    Returns and the right of withdrawal

    The official EU guidance confirms a consumer can cancel a distance contract within 14 days without providing any justification, running for goods from the date of delivery. It states the consumer is responsible for the costs of postage and packaging when returning within the cooling-off period, with two exceptions - if the seller offers to pay, or if the seller fails to inform the consumer about those costs before purchase - while the cost of returning a defective product is the responsibility of the trader. Goods made to order or personalised, such as tailor-made suits, are listed among the exclusions from the withdrawal right.

    Why it matters

    The default under EU law is that the customer pays return postage, and you only lose that position by failing to disclose the cost before purchase - so a pre-purchase disclosure that is actually present and legible is worth real money per return across every EU market you sell into. The exclusions matter for range planning too: goods made to order or clearly personalised sit outside the withdrawal right, which is a structural difference between made-to-order lines and stock lines rather than a policy choice.

    Read it on europa.eu - Returns and the right of withdrawal - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Shopify Help Center

    Primary source

    Tariffs and duty

    Date as stated by the publisher: Living page; most recent reference on page is 2026-04-20

    Understanding tariffs

    Shopify's tariff explainer states verbatim that "As of August 29, 2025, de minimis doesn't apply to shipments to the United States. Duties and import taxes apply to all US imports, regardless of the value of the shipment." It also references "the Supreme Court decision on February 20, 2026" without describing its holding, and describes CBP launching "the first phase of the Consolidated Administration and Processing of Entries (CAPE) tool in the Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) Secure Data Portal, intended to simplify International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) duty refund requests."

    Why it matters

    With US de minimis gone, every US-bound parcel needs an HS code and a country of origin regardless of value, so classification is no longer something low-value senders can skip. If you paid IEEPA-based duties, CAPE is the refund mechanism to track. Note that Shopify does not state what the February 2026 Supreme Court decision held and flags its guidance as informational rather than legal advice, so confirm your own refund exposure with a customs broker rather than inferring it from platform docs.

    Read it on help.shopify.com - Understanding tariffs - opens in a new tab
  • Published by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Cargo Systems Messaging Service)

    Primary source

    Tariffs and duty

    CSMS # 68340863: UPDATE - Consolidated Administration and Processing of Entries (CAPE) for IEEPA Refunds, April 20, 2026, Deployment

    CBP's messaging bulletin announces the April 20, 2026 deployment of Consolidated Administration and Processing of Entries (CAPE) in ACE, under which "the IOR or broker will upload a Comma-Separated Values (CSV) file listing up to 9,999 entry numbers on which IEEPA duties have been paid and for which they are requesting an IEEPA duty refund." For unliquidated entries other than warehouse entries and entries with extended, suspended or "under review" liquidation status, CBP states that filers "may anticipate that valid IEEPA refunds will generally be issued within 60 - 90 days following acceptance of a CAPE Declaration."

    Why it matters

    If you imported into the US while the IEEPA tariffs were in force, you paid duties that are now potentially recoverable, but only through this channel and only while your entries remain eligible. CAPE rejects entries flagged for reconciliation, associated with drawback, under open or suspended protest, or more than 80 days past liquidation - which means the liquidation clock rather than the court ruling is what actually forecloses the refund, and entries left to liquidate quietly stop being recoverable.

    Read it on content.govdelivery.com - CSMS # 68340863: UPDATE - Consolidated Administration and Processing of Entries (CAPE) for IEEPA Refunds, April 20, 2026, Deployment - opens in a new tab
  • Published by European Commission, Taxation and Customs Union

    Primary source

    Customs data and classification

    EU Customs Reform

    On 26 March 2026 the European Parliament and the Council reached a political agreement on the Commission's 2023 proposal to reform the EU Customs Union, establishing an EU Customs Authority overseeing an EU Customs Data Hub. Under the proposals the Data Hub opens for e-commerce consignments in 2028, followed on a voluntary basis by other importers in 2031, and becomes mandatory as from 2034. The reform also creates a 'Trust and Check' trader category, whose members would be able to clear imports with the customs authority of the Member State in which they are based, and reduces the thousands of possible customs duty categories down to only four for the most common low-value goods bought from outside the EU.

    Why it matters

    Status: POLITICAL AGREEMENT reached 26 March 2026, NOT YET IN FORCE - the page describes the substance throughout as 'the proposals', formal adoption and published legal text still follow, so treat the detail as settled in direction but not citable as law. The date that matters for cross-border sellers is 1 July 2028: the EUR 3 transitional duty ends and the Data Hub takes e-commerce consignments, meaning classification-based duty at real tariff rates returns. Anyone selling into the EU on today's EUR 3 economics has a runway of roughly two years to get HS classification accurate at catalogue level rather than at the border.

    Read it on taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu - EU Customs Reform - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Forrester (authors: Emily Pfeiffer, Sucharita Kodali)

    Named research

    AI and agentic commerce

    What It Means That The Leader In "Agentic Commerce" Just Pulled Back

    Forrester analysts Emily Pfeiffer and Sucharita Kodali assess OpenAI's decision to withdraw native Instant Checkout from ChatGPT, with checkout moving into merchant apps inside ChatGPT or back to merchant websites. They report only a dozen Shopify merchants were live with the feature, though Shopify told Forrester a month earlier the number was closer to 30 and climbing, and they cite Forrester's December 2025 Consumer Pulse Survey finding that 23% of Gen X, 32% of Millennial and 35% of Gen Z US online adults had used ChatGPT to search for products in the past month.

    Why it matters

    This is well-sourced evidence that AI is currently a discovery and acquisition channel rather than a checkout channel, and it is a useful corrective to roadmap pressure to rebuild your checkout inside someone else's chat window. If your differentiation lives at checkout - where duty, tax, carrier and currency are actually decided - the practical read is to make agents excellent at sending qualified traffic into your own funnel, and to treat in-agent checkout as unproven rather than as a dependency. OpenAI framed the pullback as temporary, so this is a live thread rather than a settled verdict.

    Read it on forrester.com - What It Means That The Leader In "Agentic Commerce" Just Pulled Back - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Shopify Changelog

    Primary source

    Platform and shipping

    FedEx duties prepaid labels available on Managed Markets

    Shopify added FedEx International Connect Plus to Managed Markets, reaching "195 countries and territories" with "2-5 business day delivery", "end-to-end tracking", "shipping coverage included on every label you purchase", and DDP support so customers do not face unexpected charges at delivery. Labels are "available for purchase in Shopify Admin and via our integrated external fulfillment partners".

    Why it matters

    Collecting duty at checkout and then handing the parcel to a DAP label is how customers get billed twice at the door and refuse delivery, so pairing duty-inclusive checkout with a genuinely prepaid DDP label is what closes that gap. Confirm the service actually covers your real destination mix and product categories before moving volume onto it.

    Read it on changelog.shopify.com - FedEx duties prepaid labels available on Managed Markets - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Shopify Changelog

    Primary source

    Tariffs and duty

    See how duties are calculated on your orders

    Merchants using Shopify duties and import taxes can "see exactly how duties are calculated on cross-border orders, including rates and tariffs", available "directly on the order details page". Shopify frames it as letting merchants "independently verify calculations yourself and confidently explain charges to your customers".

    Why it matters

    Order-level breakdowns are what let you reconcile duty collected at checkout against what the broker actually billed, which is how systematic under- or over-collection gets caught before it turns into a refund queue or a quiet margin leak. It also gives support a defensible, itemised answer when a customer disputes a duty charge.

    Read it on changelog.shopify.com - See how duties are calculated on your orders - opens in a new tab
  • Published by The White House

    Primary source

    Tariffs and duty

    Executive Order 14389: Ending Certain Tariff Actions

    Signed February 20, 2026 following the Supreme Court's ruling on IEEPA tariff authority, EO 14389 provides that the additional ad valorem duties imposed under IEEPA by nine prior executive orders - including the reciprocal tariff order (EO 14257) and the China synthetic opioids order (EO 14195) - "shall no longer be in effect and, as soon as practicable, shall no longer be collected." The order fixes no termination date, instead directing that "The head of each agency shall immediately begin taking steps to effectuate this order." It expressly preserves other trade remedies: "This order does not affect any other duties, including duties imposed under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, 19 U.S.C. 1862, and section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, 19 U.S.C. 2411."

    Why it matters

    If your landed-cost logic still carries an IEEPA line, it is overstating duty and you may be over-collecting from customers. Note that the order itself names no cut-off date - it ties the end of collection to "as soon as practicable" agency implementation, so the entry date your broker actually applied is worth confirming rather than assuming. The larger trap is reading this as "US tariffs ended": Section 232 and Section 301 duties survived untouched, and a separate Section 122 surcharge took effect days later, so most HS lines did not get cheaper.

    Read it on whitehouse.gov - Executive Order 14389: Ending Certain Tariff Actions - opens in a new tab
  • Published by The White House

    Primary source

    Tariffs and duty

    Proclamation 11012: Imposing a Temporary Import Surcharge To Address Fundamental International Payments Problems

    Invoking Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2132), the proclamation imposes "a temporary import surcharge of 10 percent ad valorem", effective 12:01 a.m. eastern standard time on February 24, 2026 and running through 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on July 24, 2026. Exemptions include certain critical minerals, energy products, pharmaceuticals, certain electronics, passenger vehicles and parts, certain aerospace products, USMCA-qualifying goods of Canada and Mexico, CAFTA-DR textiles and apparel, goods already subject to Section 232 tariffs, and goods loaded and in transit before the effective date.

    Why it matters

    Section 122 authorises a surcharge "for a period not exceeding 150 days (unless such period is extended by Act of Congress)", and that clock runs out on July 24, 2026, eight days from now, so absent congressional action the surcharge lapses on its own terms. Note the operative rate in the proclamation is 10 percent, not the 15 percent widely repeated in secondary coverage: 15 percent is the statutory ceiling under 19 U.S.C. 2132, so any duty quote built on 15 percent has been overstating this line by half.

    Read it on whitehouse.gov - Proclamation 11012: Imposing a Temporary Import Surcharge To Address Fundamental International Payments Problems - opens in a new tab
  • Published by The White House

    Primary source

    De minimis and low-value imports

    Executive Order 14388: Continuing the Suspension of Duty-Free De Minimis Treatment for All Countries

    Issued the same day as EO 14389, this order continues the suspension of duty-free de minimis treatment, providing that "The duty-free de minimis exemption provided under 19 U.S.C. 1321(a)(2)(C) shall not apply to any shipment of articles not covered by 50 U.S.C. 1702(b), regardless of value, country of origin, mode of transportation, or method of entry", effective 12:01 a.m. EST on February 24, 2026. Dutiable postal items are assessed at the Proclamation's surcharge rate, and that duty rate applies "until the expiration date of the temporary import surcharge established by the Proclamation of February 20, 2026, or until the effective date of the new entry process for postal shipments established by CBP, whichever date occurs first."

    Why it matters

    The IEEPA tariffs ended but the de minimis suspension did not, because it was continued on separate legal footing - so the $800 duty-free entry that made sub-$800 direct-to-consumer parcels viable is still gone, and CBP has since written the suspension into the regulations. Any US-bound fulfilment model waiting for de minimis to snap back after the ruling is waiting on something the administration explicitly continued. The postal surcharge trigger matters operationally too: it ends at whichever comes first of the surcharge expiry or CBP's new postal entry process, and both fall on July 24, 2026.

    Read it on whitehouse.gov - Executive Order 14388: Continuing the Suspension of Duty-Free De Minimis Treatment for All Countries - opens in a new tab
  • Published by EUR-Lex, Official Journal of the European Union

    Primary source

    De minimis and low-value imports

    Council Regulation (EU) 2026/382 of 11 February 2026 amending Regulation (EC) No 1186/2009 as regards the elimination of the threshold-based customs duty relief

    Council Regulation (EU) 2026/382, adopted 11 February 2026 and published in the Official Journal on 18 February 2026, deletes Chapter V of Title II of Regulation (EC) No 1186/2009, removing the EUR 150 customs duty relief for consignments imported from third countries. As a transitional measure, Article 2 applies a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment whose intrinsic value does not exceed EUR 150, from 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028. Article 2 limits that simplified rate to goods whose importation is VAT-exempt under the IOSS scheme or goods in a postal consignment as defined in Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446; standard tariff rates under Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 continue to apply to other operators. Article 4 provides that the Regulation applies from 1 July 2026.

    Why it matters

    Status: IN FORCE, applying since 1 July 2026. The duty is charged per item by tariff classification rather than per parcel, so a four-unit order of a single product carries EUR 3 while a mixed basket spanning three classifications carries EUR 9 - landed-cost logic built on a per-shipment assumption will under-quote mixed baskets. It also matters commercially that the EUR 3 rate is reachable only via IOSS or postal channels: the same EUR 90 order routed through a non-IOSS commercial declaration falls to full tariff rates, which turns a VAT registration choice into a duty question.

    Read it on eur-lex.europa.eu - Council Regulation (EU) 2026/382 of 11 February 2026 amending Regulation (EC) No 1186/2009 as regards the elimination of the threshold-based customs duty relief - opens in a new tab
  • Published by European Commission (Directorate-General for Environment)

    Primary source

    Product compliance

    New EU rules to stop the destruction of unsold clothes and shoes

    The Commission adopted measures under the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) banning the destruction of unsold apparel, clothing accessories and footwear. The page states the ban and its derogations 'will apply to large companies from 19 July 2026' and that 'medium-sized companies are expected to follow in 2030'. Destruction stays permitted in specific and justified circumstances, for instance due to safety reasons or product damage, and the ESPR requires companies to disclose information on unsold consumer products they discard as waste, with an Implementing Act setting a standardised disclosure format.

    Why it matters

    The ban takes effect for large companies on 19 July 2026, three days after this page was compiled on 16 July 2026, so it is imminent rather than already in force - the distinction matters if anyone is briefing on current obligations. It closes off scrapping as the quiet default for returned stock that is uneconomic to re-handle in-market. If your EU returns flow currently ends in write-off, the compliant paths - resale, re-use, repair, or a documented and justified derogation - each need an owner and an audit trail, and the disclosure obligation means the volumes become reportable rather than invisible.

    Read it on environment.ec.europa.eu - New EU rules to stop the destruction of unsold clothes and shoes - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Nielsen Norman Group (author: Kate Moran)

    Named research

    AI and agentic commerce

    Demand Accuracy in Your AI Tools: Lessons from Baymard Institute

    Nielsen Norman Group's Kate Moran examines why most AI-powered UX tools publish no accuracy rate at all, quoting Baymard's Christian Holst that 'the vast majority of tools don't even publish an accuracy rate. So, we can't even discuss whether it's high enough.' She documents GPT-4's image-based UX audits scoring a 20% accuracy rate in 2023, with 80% of its recommendations false positives, and AI tools tested by Microsoft researchers in March 2025 scoring 50% to 70%. Her core argument is that a tool offering 10 suggestions where three are wrong is unusable because the user cannot tell which three; Baymard's answer is to use probabilistic AI only for identifying patterns while handling all evaluative analysis deterministically through predefined logic, and to include only those guidelines where the AI system can achieve at least 95% accuracy - a scope that currently covers 154 guidelines, roughly 20-25% of its full set of 700+ ecommerce guidelines.

    Why it matters

    The architectural lesson transfers directly to cross-border operations: use the model for the messy classification and extraction steps, and deterministic rules for anything with money or law attached, which is precisely the split that keeps a duty quote defensible. The scope discipline matters as much as the split - Baymard bought its accuracy by narrowing what it will answer at all, which is the opposite of how most AI features are scoped. It also arms you with the right question for any AI vendor selling into this space: what is your published accuracy rate, and measured against which ground truth - a question the article shows most of them cannot currently answer.

    Read it on nngroup.com - Demand Accuracy in Your AI Tools: Lessons from Baymard Institute - opens in a new tab
  • Published by European Commission - Shaping Europe's Digital Future

    Primary source

    AI and agentic commerce

    Date as stated by the publisher: Page displays 'Last updated 28 January 2026'; the operative transparency date is 2 August 2026

    Navigating the AI Act (FAQ)

    The European Commission's AI Act materials confirm the regulation becomes broadly applicable on 2 August 2026 with some exceptions, and that it reaches public and private actors inside and outside the EU who place an AI system on the EU market, put one into service or use it in the EU. Article 50 transparency obligations require that people are informed when they are interacting with an AI system, and that generative AI outputs be marked in a machine-readable format and be detectable as artificially generated or manipulated, subject to specific exceptions. The Commission's regulatory-framework page, updated 7 July 2026, states the transparency rules come into effect in August 2026, while the AI omnibus agreed on 7 May 2026 moved high-risk obligations to 2 December 2027 and 2 August 2028.

    Why it matters

    If you run an AI shopping assistant, AI-written product copy or AI-generated imagery and you sell to EU consumers, these obligations reach you with no EU establishment at all - the trigger is the EU market, not your registered address, which is the same extraterritorial logic that already caught you with GDPR. Note the shape of the omnibus: the high-risk timelines moved, the transparency rules did not, so the obligation most likely to touch a merchant storefront is also the one that did not get more time. Specific exceptions apply, and the precise date that bites your setup is worth confirming against the current text rather than a summary.

    Read it on digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu - Navigating the AI Act (FAQ) - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Shopify Engineering (author: Ilya Grigolik)

    Primary source

    AI and agentic commerce

    Building the Universal Commerce Protocol

    Shopify's engineering blog sets out the technical design of UCP, the open standard it co-developed with Google for how AI agents discover, negotiate with and transact against merchants. Merchants publish a capability profile at /.well-known/ucp; discovery fetches these profiles and negotiation computes their intersection per transaction, and checkout moves through explicit states including requires_escalation, where the agent should attempt API resolution and otherwise hand off via a continue_url.

    Why it matters

    The negotiation model means the capabilities you advertise are exactly the capabilities an agent will attempt - so if duty-inclusive pricing, market-specific tax handling or restricted-destination rules are not expressed in your profile, the agent either escalates or proceeds on assumptions you never made. The escalation state is worth reading closely: it is the documented seam where cross-border complexity gets handed back to a human, and knowing where it fires tells you which of your markets an agent cannot currently close on its own.

    Read it on shopify.engineering - Building the Universal Commerce Protocol - opens in a new tab
  • Published by European Commission (Directorate-General for Environment)

    Primary source

    Product compliance

    Revised Waste Framework Directive enters into force to boost circularity of textile sector and slash food waste

    The targeted revision of the Waste Framework Directive entered into force on 16 October 2025. All Member States are required to establish their own Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme for textiles and footwear following common rules applicable across the EU, under which textile and footwear producers will pay a fee for each product they place on the market, adjusted against sustainability criteria in an approach the page calls eco-modulation. Member States have 20 months to transpose the revised Directive into national law and 30 months to establish the schemes.

    Why it matters

    EPR fees attach per product placed on the market, so for a cross-border seller the compliance question is per destination Member State rather than once for the EU, and the 20-month transposition window means national schemes will land on staggered dates with differing fee bases. Worth deciding early who the registered producer is in each market - for many non-EU brands selling direct, that obligation lands on the brand or on an appointed representative rather than on a local distributor.

    Read it on environment.ec.europa.eu - Revised Waste Framework Directive enters into force to boost circularity of textile sector and slash food waste - opens in a new tab
  • Published by National Retail Federation (with Happy Returns, a UPS company)

    Named research

    Returns and consumer law

    Consumers Expected to Return Nearly $850 Billion in Merchandise in 2025

    NRF and Happy Returns estimate retailers will take back 15.8% of annual sales in 2025, totalling $849.9 billion, with an estimated 19.3% of online sales returned against 15.8% across all channels. The release states 9% of all returns are fraudulent, and that free returns matter to shoppers, with 82% citing them as a major consideration when making a purchase, up from 76% last year.

    Why it matters

    The roughly 3.5-point gap between the online return rate (19.3%) and the all-channel rate (15.8%) is the planning number if your demand is digital, because a digital-first mix carries a structurally higher return rate before any cross-border cost is added. The 82% free-returns figure is the tension worth sizing honestly: it is a conversion input at the same time as it is a margin cost, and the two need to be modelled together rather than separately.

    Read it on nrf.com - Consumers Expected to Return Nearly $850 Billion in Merchandise in 2025 - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Shopify Changelog

    Primary source

    Customs data and classification

    Country-specific HS code management for international selling

    Merchants can enter country-specific Harmonized System codes per product, "giving you more control over customs classification and tariff calculations for each destination market". Shopify states this "lets you provide detailed codes beyond the standard 6 digits, ensuring tariffs are calculated accurately for every country you ship to", and that "your codes and Managed Markets codes are kept separate, so you always know which rates and rules apply".

    Why it matters

    The 6-digit HS root is the internationally harmonised part, but duty is actually assessed on the destination's full national line - 10 digits in the US, 8 to 10 across the EU and UK. Storing a single global 6-digit code leaves those final digits to be inferred on your behalf; entering the national line for your top destinations is what removes that guesswork on the lanes where a wrong band costs the most.

    Read it on changelog.shopify.com - Country-specific HS code management for international selling - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Shopify Developer Changelog (shopify.dev)

    Primary source

    Customs data and classification

    Global HS code is now supported in GraphQL Admin API

    As of API version 2025-10, "the countryCode field in CountryHarmonizedSystemCodeInput is now nullable", and "when set to null, the HS code (harmonized system code) entry represents a global HS code rather than a country-specific one". Shopify states "this is a non-breaking change", with existing integrations that always send countryCode continuing to work.

    Why it matters

    If you sync classifications from a PIM or an external customs system, this lets you write one global base code plus country-specific overrides instead of duplicating the same code for every destination. Fewer redundant rows means fewer places a stale classification can survive a catalogue update and quietly keep calculating duty against the wrong line.

    Read it on shopify.dev - Global HS code is now supported in GraphQL Admin API - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Retail Dive

    Trade press

    Returns and consumer law

    Returns - and their challenges - are rising. Here's how retailers are responding.

    Retail Dive reports on retailers tightening returns handling, citing NRF figures of $743 billion in total retail returns in 2023 and an expected $890 billion for 2024 at nearly 17% of annual sales, and noting 51% of Generation Z consumers acknowledge bracketing. It documents concrete policy responses including REI declining returns from a small subset of members who repeatedly abused its policy, Walmart increasing return shipping rates for its third-party sellers, and Narvar seeing about 25% more retailers charging for return shipping in 2024.

    Why it matters

    The useful detail is REI's disclosed threshold - the members in question represented less than 0.02% of REI's 24 million members but had an average return rate of 79% - which shows return abuse concentrating in a very small, identifiable tail rather than spreading across the base. That argues for policy aimed at identified accounts over blanket return fees that tax your best cross-border customers, who already absorb longer delivery windows and are the least likely segment to tolerate a new charge.

    Read it on retaildive.com - Returns - and their challenges - are rising. Here's how retailers are responding. - opens in a new tab
  • Published by World Customs Journal (author: Andrew Grainger)

    Named research

    Customs data and classification

    Customs Tariff Classification and the Use of Assistive Technologies

    Andrew Grainger's paper in World Customs Journal Vol 18 Issue 1 assesses assistive technologies for customs tariff classification, drawing on detailed exchanges with nine senior informants across industry, international organisations and national administrations, plus hands-on testing of public classification tools. Testing the WCO's BACUDA AI HS Code Recommendation Platform on a drone returned 8525.90 at 54.16% probability, against WCO guidance pointing to Heading 8806 for unmanned aircraft; separately, Nigeria's online Customs Single Window Service suggested 8802.11, 'Helicopters', at 99.65% probability. Grainger concludes that historic customs declaration data, 'unless cleaned, is likely to be inadequate' as machine-learning training data.

    Why it matters

    This is the rare piece of work that tests where AI classification actually breaks instead of asserting that it works, and the failure mode it documents is the expensive one - a confident-looking code learned from other people's historic misdeclarations, on exactly the novel product types where you have no precedent of your own. Note that the highest-confidence answer in the paper, 99.65%, is also the visibly wrong one. The operational takeaway is to keep human review on new and borderline goods, and to treat a model's probability score as a reason to check the heading rather than as evidence you have met your declaration obligations.

    Read it on worldcustomsjournal.org - Customs Tariff Classification and the Use of Assistive Technologies - opens in a new tab
  • Published by European Environment Agency (EEA)

    Primary source

    Returns and consumer law

    The destruction of returned and unsold textiles in Europe's circular economy

    The EEA briefing estimates the average return rate for clothing bought online in Europe at 20%, with online footwear returns ranging between 22% and 37% and an EU footwear average of 30%. It estimates that 22-43%, on average about one third, of returned clothing bought online ends up destroyed, attributes 70% of returns to buyer-perceived poor fit or style, and states it costs a retailer approximately 55% to 75% of a product's retail price to process each online return.

    Why it matters

    This is the rare returns figure set published by a public body rather than a returns vendor, which makes it citable in front of regulators and retail partners who discount supplier-sourced numbers. The 70% fit-and-style attribution says most of your returns cost is decided on the product page long before the parcel moves, so sizing guidance and fit data are reverse-logistics spend you can front-load, and the EEA's per-return processing range is a useful sanity check against your own landed cost of a return.

    Read it on eea.europa.eu - The destruction of returned and unsold textiles in Europe's circular economy - opens in a new tab
  • Published by EUR-Lex, European Union

    Primary source

    Product compliance

    General product safety regulation (2023)

    EUR-Lex's official summary of Regulation (EU) 2023/988 of 10 May 2023 on general product safety, which amends Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 and Directive (EU) 2020/1828 and repeals Directives 2001/95/EC and 87/357/EEC. The regulation applies from 13 December 2024 and provides a new EU general product safety framework built to keep up with digitalisation and e-commerce. It requires that for each product covered there is a responsible economic operator in the EU - an EU manufacturer, importer, authorised representative or fulfilment service provider - entrusted with tasks relating to the safety of the product, and places obligations on online marketplaces including registration with the Safety Gate portal, two single points of contact for safety communication, minimum safety information before a listing is published, and directly notifying affected buyers on recall.

    Why it matters

    Status: IN FORCE - the regulation applies from 13 December 2024. The binding constraint for a non-EU merchant is structural rather than administrative: without an EU-established responsible economic operator named for a product, that product cannot lawfully be placed on the EU market, and no amount of correct customs paperwork substitutes for it. This is the rule that most often blocks a direct-to-consumer seller who has otherwise solved duty and VAT, and it applies per product, so catalogue expansion re-triggers the question.

    Read it on eur-lex.europa.eu - General product safety regulation (2023) - opens in a new tab
  • Published by EUR-Lex (Official Journal of the European Union)

    Primary source

    Returns and consumer law

    Directive (EU) 2023/2673 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 November 2023 amending Directive 2011/83/EU as regards financial services contracts concluded at a distance and repealing Directive 2002/65/EC

    This directive is the EU's distance marketing of financial services instrument, but it inserts a new Article 11a into Directive 2011/83/EU whose reach is broader than financial services. Article 11a requires that, for distance contracts concluded by means of an online interface, the trader ensure the consumer can withdraw using a withdrawal function labelled 'withdraw from contract here' or an unambiguous corresponding formulation in an easily legible way, continuously available throughout the withdrawal period and prominently displayed. Once the consumer activates the confirmation function, the trader must send an acknowledgement of receipt on a durable medium including its content and the date and time of submission. Recital 37 states the obligation 'should apply not only to distance contracts for financial services, but to all distance contracts that are subject to the right of withdrawal under Directive 2011/83/EU'. Transposition was due 19 December 2025 and Member States apply the measures from 19 June 2026.

    Why it matters

    This applies from 19 June 2026, so unlike the ESPR ban it is genuinely already in force as of mid-July 2026. Article 11a turns withdrawal into an in-interface action with a timestamped acknowledgement, which means a returns system has to accept a withdrawal notice that arrives with no parcel and no RMA attached. Article 11a(5) is the operative detail: the consumer is treated as having exercised the right if the online withdrawal statement was submitted before the period expired, so the submission timestamp - not the parcel - is what fixes whether the withdrawal was in time.

    Read it on eur-lex.europa.eu - Directive (EU) 2023/2673 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 November 2023 amending Directive 2011/83/EU as regards financial services contracts concluded at a distance and repealing Directive 2002/65/EC - opens in a new tab
  • Published by Shopify (shopify.dev developer documentation)

    Primary source

    Returns and consumer lawDate not stated by publisher

    View and refund duties

    Shopify's developer documentation describes how to preview and refund duties on international orders with the GraphQL Admin API. It documents a PROPORTIONAL refund type that 'refunds duties in proportion to the line item quantity that you want to refund' and a FULL type that 'refunds all the duties associated with a duty ID'. The page states the functionality to refund duties is in the Shopify Markets developer preview, that 'the values that are returned are generated and aren't consistent with actual duty rates set by each country', that the app needs the write_orders access scope, and that duties might not apply if the order price does not exceed the destination country's de minimis threshold.

    Why it matters

    Duty refunding on cross-border returns is documented as a developer preview returning generated test values, not settled production behaviour, so it is worth confirming what your own stack actually does with duties on a refund today rather than assuming the platform reconciles it. The distinction between PROPORTIONAL and FULL is the one that bites on partial returns of multi-item orders - a customer keeping one of three bracketed sizes is the common case, and refunding duty on the wrong basis leaks margin quietly in one direction or over-refunds in the other.

    Read it on shopify.dev - View and refund duties - opens in a new tab

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